2016 - /It would seem to be a reasonable assumption that reporting from conflict and war is the most dangerous form of journalism, but global statistics on almost 2, 300 media worker deaths in the last 15 years, show that this is not so. 25 years of contribution towards safer journalism, the 25th report on journalists and media staff killed since 1990 released on 3 February 2016, by the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) reveals that more than 95 percent of media workers died in their own countries and in peace time.
Report: http://www.ifj.org/fileadmin/documents/25_Report_Final_sreads_web.pdf
“Many of the murdered are local beat reporters whose names do not resonate in the media. These are different from by-lined war correspondents, who knowingly risk their lives, sometimes mistaken for combatants, get fatally caught in the crossfire, or walk on a land mine” said Jim Broumelha, President of the IFJ, at the conference, News organizations standing up for the safety of media professionals.
This observation is chillingly illustrated by the female death toll for 2015. Of the the six women who were murdered –all were local journalists. In the second most dangerous country for journalists to operate in, the Philippines, investigative journalist Melinda Magsino-Lubis was gunned down; in Somalia, Hindiyo Haji Mohamed, a journalist with the national television station SNTV, was killed by a car bomb; In South Sudan, Dalia Marko and Randa George were among five journalists and six others who were killed in an ambush near the Darfur region; in France, Charlie Hebdo contributor Elsa Cayat was among those murdered by gunmen who attacked their office, and in the US, Alison Parker was killed as she reported live on WDBJ7 TV along with her cameraman. And the lack of a strong civil sociaty allows the continuation of this sort of impunity. Jom Boumelha “no less than 75 percent were murdered outright, such as killed by a gunman escaping on the back of a motorcycle, shot or stabbed to death near their home or office, or found dead after having been abducted and tortured – murder has become the easiest, perhaps cheapest and most effective way of silencing troublesome journalists…. The killers of the vast majority of journalists are never brought to justice.”
Two issues arise from such global initiatives to end impunity against media, one is whether the use of death tolls obscures the greater threat to local journalists. Tolls are often used in road safety messages but the fact is that road accident injury rates are usually seven – ten times greater in number and cost to society, and the same is probably true for the media toll, deaths are not an accurate measure of the severity or consequences of violence against the media. As IAWRT Board member Abeer Saady says “it is very hard for a local journalist, more incidents are local and a lot are being left unreported. The harassment is very deliberate……. How can we protect the local journalists who work on the ground, even protecting them from the big [international] news agencies who employ them?
The second issue is that attacks on women, especially sexual harassment, have always been under reported. According to Mindy Ran the co-chair of the IFJ gender council, the decision to keep data on the women journalists killed, is: “in recognition of the many years of under-reporting of deaths and violence against women, and women journalists.” Zuliana Lainez, IFJ executive committee member, says “The overall figures for attacks on journalists can be misleading about the security risks facing women journalists.” It is a rare case when perpetrators are brought to justice, such as this month’s sentencing over the kidnap and torture of Colombian journalist Jineth Bedoya in Lima in 2000. Her awards include the 2001 Courage in Journalism Award of the International Women's Media Foundation, and despite being abducted again in 2003, she continues to work as a journalist. (Jineth Bedoya pic: by Esther Vargas)
Again we return to the threats to local media women, Zuliana Lainez says “Depending on the culture and position of women journalists, the type of the threat to them may be different ... Local women journalists also face a particular type of violence aimed at violating their private or family life. In some societies, all it takes to disqualify a newspaper’s report is to attack the journalist’s reputation.” The social media debate in India over sedition accusations against Delhi university students abound with sexualised accusations against women supporters of the students. The social media attacks on Indian TV journalist and columnist Barkha Dutt, as she describes it as an 'Anti-National Sickular Presstitute' are just one example of such gender specific personalised attacks.
An International Women’s Media Foundation global survey had almost two-thirds of 1,000 media women respondents saying they had experienced some form of intimidation, threats or abuse in relation to their work, ranging in severity from name-calling to death threats. It also found that most incidents of harassment and violence were never reported by women journalists because they fear being considered too vulnerable or too weak to do investigative work in the field. Now as media is increasingly availed from online sources, the threats to women are coming more out into the open. It is hardly reassuring that data collected by Demos, shows that female journalists experience roughly three times as many abusive comments as their male counterparts on Twitter.
In the 2015 UNESCO report Building Digital Safety for Journalists, online abuse of female journalists was pointed out as one of the main challenges in building digital safety. The Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe’s Representative on Freedom of the Media Dunja Mijatović convened an expert meeting in 2015 because of the danger of female voices online being silenced, “Female journalists and bloggers throughout the globe are being inundated with threats of murder, rape, physical violence and graphic imagery via email, commenting sections and across all social media platforms” she said.
New Challenges to Freedom of Expression: Countering Online Abuse of Female Journalists has a number of specific recommendations on how to best ensure that existing legal frameworks be used to support female journalists and prevent online harassment. Prominent amongst the recommendations is the need for employers to proactively support journalists being harassed online. Dunja Mijatović says she called on the OSCE participating States to declare, unequivocally, that any effort to silence women online must be regarded as a direct attack on our fundamental freedoms, while refraining from drafting new laws to restrict abusive speech on the internet, as they may have a chilling effect on freedom of expression. Along with a copy of those recommendations, the publication contains a number of essays from prominent journalists, academics and organizations recounting their experiences dealing with online threats against female journalists.
Whether impunity is in abusing or threatening media, especially women, online or in actual violence, as the IFJ President Jim Boumelha says impunity, “occurs when there is the absence of political will to back the investigations.“ He warns that while there are numerous instruments adopted by the UN, most are non-binding; “the major hindrance for the protection of journalists derives not from the scope of the rights but from implementation deficits”. And today's sad reality is that not many journalists can rely on international institutions to defend their rights when they disappear or are jailed or murdered.”
In the meantime, there are tens of thousands of male and female journalists around the world who utilise the democratic space which is available to tell the stories which empower and matter.
IAWRT – International Association of Women in Radio & Television
http://www.iawrt.org/reporters-danger
Извор: WUNRN – 16.09.2016
